Ankylosing spondylitis [AS] is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that mainly affects spine joints and over the time involving other joints of the body also. AS is characterized by the involvement of the spine and sacroiliac (SI) joints and peripheral joints, digits, and entheses.

Adenomyosis is a clinical enigma in gynecology due to its vague etiology & pathogenesis, although multiple factors and various hypotheses are proposed related to it. It is a gynaecological problem presenting with menorrhagia, pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea.

Bioterrorism agents are pathogenic organisms or biological toxins that are used to produce death and disease in humans, animals, or plants for terrorist purposes. Bioterrorism agents can be separated into three categories, depending on how easily they can be spread and the severity of illness or death they cause. According to centre for disease control and prevention certain agents are recognized as easily transmissible from person to person and cause high to moderate mortality rate.

It is common in menopausal women have decreased hair density and alopecia. The hair of women during menopause is affected by fluctuations in circulating levels of sex steroids. Almost 20-60% of women before reaching the age of 60 suffer from hair loss.

Dementia refers to a neurocognitive disorder or a clinical syndrome characterized by progressive cognitive decline that may limit one's independent functionality. Learning and memory, language, complex attention, executive function, perceptual-motor and social cognition are affected in dementia.

EDCs are discussed unprecedently due to their link with various health issues such as infertility, nervous system & respiratory system diseases, cardiovascular diseases etc. Studies point out that EDCs are closely connected with obesity, diabetes, learning disabilities, endometriosis and various types of cancers.

It is a mode of regulated cell death happening in various tissue injuries, cancers, nervous system diseases.Ferroptosis is actively different from apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy in cell morphology and function.

Hair damage caused by the use of chemical procedures can be minimized, avoided or repaired by the correct use of hair care products. Hair cosmetics may enhance hair hydrophobicity, strengthen the cuticle and minimize electrical charges and friction forces.

Hyperthyroidism persisting for a long time may lead to osteoporosis and fracture of bones . What is the underlying mechanism behind this hormonal impact on bones?

Melasma is a common hyperpigmentation disorder found predominantly in women, resulting primarily from ultraviolet (UV) exposure and hormonal imbalances.

Sometimes, acanthosis nigricans can be a warning sign of serious disease conditions such as cancers in a few percentages of people. It may be a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with gastric adenocarcinoma and other cancers. This is called as malignant acanthosis nigricans

What is polycystic ovarian syndrome? Rotterdam criteria for diagnosing PCOS; Is it appropriate to diagnose PCOS based only on ovarian morphology? What are the fall outs?

Most women suffer from telogen effluvium hair loss postpartum. Hair loss typically occurring within a few months after childbirth in women is known as post-partum hair loss or telogen gravidarum.

Recent FNAC studies have clearly demonstrated an independent risk for thyroid malignancy conferred by both TPOAb and TgAb, confirming the role of increased TSH levels, and found a significant association between Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Anti Thyroid Antibodies and diffuse lymphocytic infiltration at histology. See the details below

Stenosis or occlusion of the vertebral artery can occur unilaterally or bilaterally. The arterial occlusion may cause decreased artery perfusion and as a result symptoms of transient ischemic attack, such as vertigo, ataxia, diplopia, disturbance of speech, and bilateral hemianopia may occur